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In the United States of America, individuals and corporations pay U.S. federal income tax on the net total of all their capital gains just as they do on other sorts of income. "Long term" capital gains are generally taxed at a preferential rate in comparison to ordinary income.〔See subsection (h) of .〕 The amount an investor is taxed depends on both his or her tax bracket, and the amount of time the investment was held before being sold. Short-term capital gains are taxed at the investor's ordinary income tax rate and are defined as investments held for a year or less before being sold. Long-term capital gains, which are gains on dispositions of assets held for more than one year, are taxed at a lower rate than short-term gains. In 2003, this rate was reduced to 15%, and to 5% for individuals in the lowest two income tax brackets. The reduced 15% tax rate on qualified dividends and long-term capital gains, previously scheduled to expire in 2008, was extended through 2010 as a result of the Tax Increase Prevention and Reconciliation Act of 2005 signed into law by President George W. Bush. This was extended through 2012 in legislation passed by Congress and signed by President Barack Obama on Dec 17, 2010. The American Taxpayer Relief Act of 2012 (signed on January 2, 2013) made qualified dividends a permanent part of the tax code but added a 20% rate on income in the new highest 39.6% tax bracket. As a result: * Ordinary dividend and short-term capital gain: Tax rate is same as ordinary income tax rate. * Qualified dividend and long-term capital gain: Tax rate is 0% for the 10%–15% brackets; 15% for the 25%–35% brackets; and 20% for the 39.6% bracket. When the taxable gain or loss resulting from the sale of an asset is calculated, its cost basis is subtracted from the amount realized on the sale. The cost basis is equal to the purchase price, adjusted for certain factors such as fees paid (brokerage fees, certain legal fees, sales fees) and depreciation. == History == From 1913 to 1921, capital gains were taxed at ordinary rates, initially up to a maximum rate of 7 percent.〔(【引用サイトリンク】url=http://www.urban.org/publications/1000519.html )〕 In 1921 the Revenue Act of 1921 was introduced, allowing a tax rate of 12.5 percent gain for assets held at least two years.〔 From 1934 to 1941, taxpayers could exclude percentages of gains that varied with the holding period: 20, 40, 60, and 70 percent of gains were excluded on assets held 1, 2, 5, and 10 years, respectively.〔 Beginning in 1942, taxpayers could exclude 50 percent of capital gains on assets held at least six months or elect a 25 percent alternative tax rate if their ordinary tax rate exceeded 50 percent.〔 From 1954 to 1967 the maximum capital gains tax rate was 25 percent. Capital gains tax rates were significantly increased in the 1969 and 1976 Tax Reform Acts.〔 In 1978, Congress reduced capital gains tax rates by eliminating the minimum tax on excluded gains and increasing the exclusion to 60 percent, thereby reducing the maximum rate to 28 percent.〔 The 1981 tax rate reductions further reduced capital gains rates to a maximum of 20 percent. The Tax Reform Act of 1986 repealed the exclusion of long-term gains, raising the maximum rate to 28 percent (33 percent for taxpayers subject to phaseouts).〔 When the top ordinary tax rates were increased by the 1990 and 1993 budget acts, an alternative tax rate of 28 percent was provided.〔 Effective tax rates exceeded 28 percent for many high-income taxpayers, however, because of interactions with other tax provisions.〔 The new lower rates for 18-month and five-year assets were adopted in 1997 with the Taxpayer Relief Act of 1997.〔 In 2001, President George W. Bush signed the Economic Growth and Tax Relief Reconciliation Act of 2001, into law as part of a $1.35 trillion tax cut program. According to USA Today,〔"New rule puts a wrinkle in figuring taxes on stock sales" by Mark Krantz, published in USA Today on February 13, 2012, page 6B〕 the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 caused the IRS to introduce form 8949 – Sales and Other Dispositions of Capital Assets and introduced radical changes to form 1099-B. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Capital gains tax in the United States」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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